oracle异常关闭，启动：ORA-24324: service handle not initialized

oracle关闭异常，再次启动时错误信息如下：

SQL> shutdown immediate;
ORA-24324: service handle not initialized
ORA-24323: value not allowed
ORA-01089: immediate shutdown in progress - no operations are permitted
SQL> startup mount;
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

SQL> conn xxx;  
Enter password: 
ERROR:
ORA-01089: immediate shutdown in progress - no operations are permitted
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0


Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
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解决办法：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Nov 17 15:44:52 2017

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected.
SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 2438529024 bytes
Fixed Size          2255672 bytes
Variable Size         671089864 bytes
Database Buffers     1744830464 bytes
Redo Buffers           20353024 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.